Dr. Jeffrey S. Lamp is a Senior Professor of New Testament at the
College of Theology at Oral Roberts University (ORU) in Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
Born in South Dakota but living in Tulsa since the age of ten, Lamp has been a
Trekker since he first encountered the original series in the 1970s. In 2010,
he published an important study on the parallels and contrasts between the
messianisms of Benjamin Sisko and Jesus Christ. In this interview, graciously
given by Professor Lamp, he shares a bit more about his reflections on the
topic.
Can you talk about your academic background and how you came to
research Star Trek?
My undergraduate studies were in
mathematics at the University of Oklahoma, upon graduation from which (1983) I
worked as an engineer for a few years. In 1985 I undertook a Master of Divinity
program at Oral Roberts University, graduating in 1990. In 1991 I began my PhD
studies in New Testament Studies at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School,
graduating in 1995. At that point I was appointed as a pastor in the United
Methodist Church, in which I served until 2000. In 1997 I began teaching as an
adjunct instructor at Oral Roberts University. In 2000 I became a full-time
faculty member, where I have taught since.
As with many who hold PhD degrees, sometimes there is a period
where a break is needed from “serious” topics. I have been a fan of Star Trek
since the original series when I watched it in syndicated reruns beginning in
the early 1970s. I welcomed STNG when it appeared, followed by all of the
series through Enterprise. I must say, I haven’t watched Discovery or Picard
because I do not subscribe to streaming services. While I was serving as a
pastor and adjunct instructor, I learned of a project discussing Star Trek and
religion, and contributed an essay to that book (“Biblical Interpretation in
the Star Trek Universe: Going Where Some Have Gone Before.” In Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of
Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture, edited by Jennifer Porter and
Darcee McLaren (Albany: SUNY Press, 1999): 193-214). Some time after that
essay, I was invited to contribute a piece to a volume on the series DS9 (“The
Sisko, The Christ: A Comparison of Messiah Figures in the Star Trek
Universe and the New Testament.” In Star Trek as
Myth: Essays on Symbol and Archetype at the Final Frontier, edited by Matthew Wilhelm Kapell (Jefferson, NC:
McFarland Press, 2010), 112-28). Once I began my theological studies, I became
interested in the intersection between popular culture and theology. Star Trek
was my first movement into this field as an academic. I have since written on
other aspects of popular culture.
You describe Sisko's gradual development of messianic consciousness
throughout the series. How do you interpret Sisko's initial resistance to the
role of the Emissary and his eventual acceptance?
I see Sisko as a figure who represents the worldview of the UFP,
which is a secular culture whose epistemology is grounded in science and
technology, much like society in the late twentieth century. His appointment to
the space station created a conflict with the Bajoran culture, which is steeped
in the religion of the planet. Initially, it seems Sisko simply sees the
religion of the Prophets as something he must deal with in fulfilling his
mandate to run the station. He often exhibits irritation with local
attributions of his role as Emissary. He has a job to do as a representative of
the UFP, and that provides the context in which he performs his duties, the
religion of the Prophets being simply a reality he deals with.
You mention that Sisko demonstrates "selective
cooperation" with the Prophets throughout the series. How does this
dynamic between obedience and resistance to divine will shape Sisko's journey
as the Emissary?
I read a book as a college student called Illusions: The
Adventures of a Reluctant Messiah by Richard Bach. This title seems to
characterize Sisko’s journey into accepting his role as Emissary. Sisko does
not want to be the foretold messiah, but in order to fulfill his Federation
mandate, he comes to see the religion of the Prophets as an occasional fortuity
in helping him fulfill his mandate. So his journey begins by seeing his role as
Emissary as first being something to which he need not invest any real significance
and evolving to an opportunity to gain greater effectiveness in achieving his
mandate. Eventually, he comes to a realization that he is indeed the Emissary,
and he seems to accept this mantle willingly by series’ end.
What role do Sisko's visions play in his acceptance as the
Emissary? How do these visions affect his self-perception and his relationship
with the Prophets?
These visions are clearly a turning
point. Though they can be pinpointed to a holodeck console malfunction, they do
give Sisko some extraordinary powers. While this may be written off, from the
Federation’s worldview, as the result of neurological damage, from the Bajoran
perspective they are gifts from the Prophets. Following this experience, he
seems to embrace more enthusiastically his role as Emissary. While I do not
think this completely alters his understanding of his Federation mandate, it
does affect how he conducts this role. It is no longer merely a political
expedient for him to navigate his task. I think it clarifies how he will
conduct his work in such a way that he can accept his role as Emissary in a way
that achieves Federation objectives.
Can you elaborate on the tension between Sisko's role as a
Starfleet officer and his position as the Emissary? How does he balance these
two aspects of his life?
I think the core of this question is addressed in previous
questions. But I think the key here is that the tension plays out in his
growing acceptance of the title of Emissary. And of course, this must take into
account the two major crises of the series: the war with the Cardassians and
the war against the Dominion. For Sisko, this isn’t merely a matter of
self-understanding achieved through contemplation. The journey plays itself out
in terms of the exigences of those conflicts. If the initial goal of Sisko’s
appointment is to find a way to gain Bajor’s admission to the Federation, then
these conflicts must be resolved in the Federation’s favor. And to do this,
Sisko must find a way to conduct his work such that he maintains favor among
the Bajorans. While at first this may just be a matter of acceptance of the
Bajoran way of life, he does use his designation as Emissary to accomplish his
goals, finally seeing that being the Emissary is not ultimately an impediment
to achieving Federation goals, but is actually part of who he is.
To what extent do Sisko's actions as the Emissary align with
Bajoran prophecies? Does he ultimately fulfill the redemption role assigned to
him?
The issue of prophecy and its fulfillment is a major question in
scholarly biblical studies. One key of both biblical and Bajoran prophecy is
that they are conveyed in oracles that are highly poetic and metaphorical. Thus
they are open to several views as to how that prophecy should work itself out.
Sisko can interpret such fulfillments as simply the ordinary result of the many
events that led to the result, while the Bajorans can see them as fulfillment
of their prophecies. By the end of the series he can be said to have served his
redemptive role by delivering Bajor from the military conflicts in which the
planet was involved.
What are the most striking similarities between Sisko's messianic
journey and that of Jesus Christ? And the most significant differences?
I think the primary motivation for my study was simply the
depiction of Sisko’s role as something that can be classified as a messiah
figure. Messiah figures have a long history in literature and film. Any role
that involves rescue may be termed messianic in a generic sense. I have no
doubt that Sisko’s character arc was informed at some level by the biblical
depiction of Jesus. But the biblical depiction of Jesus’ messianic role is a
source of dispute among biblical scholars. Was he aware of his messianic status
from the beginning? Did he never claim such a role for himself? Did he just
develop an evolving sense that he was Israel’s messiah? Historic Christianity
would affirm he was always aware of his role, it having been determined before
the creation of the world by God’s foreknowledge, and him having entered the
world via a virgin and confirming his status through many signs, the most
significant of which would be his resurrection from the dead. He carried out
his ministry with the consciousness that he was the prophesied messiah. This is
then the biggest contrast in the depictions. Jesus was always conscious of his
messianic role; Sisko experienced a very gradual awareness of his role, having
rejected it at first. In this respect, I would say that the only real
similarity between the two is their literary identification as someone who
falls into the category of a messiah figure, however that is defined in the
context in which the drama plays out.
Which themes in Star Trek deserve attention from researchers?
To be honest, I have not kept up with much of the scholarship on
Star Trek since my essay was published. I suspect it is extensive, as your own
work testifies. And as long as there are new entries in the Star Trek
franchise, there will always be scholarship devoted to the worlds created in
the new stories. But my own prejudices would say that the last word has not
been spoken in the ways religion is presented in the Star Trek universe(s).
What I think DS9 did was to show that religion seems to be a preoccupation with
human(oid) creatures, and that it can maintain its own credibility even in a
social context that is otherwise largely secular. In this respect, I would say
that studies in the sociology of religion that delve into Star Trek
presentation of religion are always needed.